Gums and teeth
Everyone knows that teeth are the main characters in the process of chewing and grinding food. According to their roles, teeth in a person’s mouth are divided into types:
- Incisors – the front 4 teeth, play the role of biting off the largest pieces.
- Fangs - their role is to break food and separate it into pieces; they are also called “eye teeth”.
- Small and large molars play the role of chewing and grinding food.
People eat food of different origins, both plant and animal. On this basis, it was concluded that people are omnivorous creatures.
This is possible due to the arrangement of the teeth and the structure of the oral cavity, which makes humans fundamentally different from animals.
All teeth have the same structure: a soft core, dentin. The core consists of blood vessels and nerves, and the hard substance (bone) is dentin. The main function of this substance is to protect teeth from microdamage. To do this, it is “painted” with enamel, which feels absolutely nothing. In addition, enamel has no equal in strength in the human body. It consists of an alloy of minerals (phosphorus and calcium salts) saturated with organic substances. The highest concentration of calcium is observed in dentin, where nerve fibers are contained.
Symptoms
A malignant ulcer from ordinary stomatitis in the mouth can be identified by swelling and swelling of the cheeks, pain and constant discomfort even at rest. You should be wary of prolonged non-healing of the wound and its bleeding.
As the disease progresses, the symptoms intensify:
- swelling increases and spreads to the neck;
- the red or white spot on the oral mucosa intensifies;
- discomfort when chewing and swallowing;
- difficulty speaking due to friction of the mucous membrane on the teeth when moving the jaw;
- the appearance of bad breath;
- feeling of a foreign object in the throat;
- anemia of the mouth.
In the late stages of cancer, teeth fall out and body weight rapidly decreases.
Language structure
The human tongue is a soft pink colored muscle mass on which taste buds are located. At the very top of the tongue, and along its edges, there are papillae, which are responsible for the taste of everything that comes into our mouth. It is no secret that the mouth is the first point where the initial processing of food and the adsorption of microorganisms and harmful substances begins. The tongue takes on the most important role here, accumulating on its surface all the harmful substances that form a coating known to everyone. It is imperative, for preventive purposes, to clean your tongue of plaque, which will get rid of the unpleasant odor and possible infections. At the root of the tongue, there are no papillae, there are tonsils. Which play an important role in protecting the human body, standing in the way of microbes, they do not allow them to penetrate inside.
Sky structure
The part of the oral cavity that is located on top is called the palate. The palate is made up of 2 components, hard and soft. The mucous membrane covers both parts, passing through the hard palate to the soft palate, it gradually turns into gums. The front side of the palate forms rudimentary formations (palatine alveoli), humans do not fully use them, but animals, on the contrary, use them to eat food. The palate has another role besides forming the upper part of the mouth; it is a barrier between the nose and nasopharynx. A kind of barrier wall is a small tongue that blocks access to the nasopharynx during the digestion process.
What diseases does it indicate?
Staining of the vault of the oral cavity indicates the presence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys. The reason for the color change may be a violation of the body's absorption of fats.
Yellowing of the dome of the oral cavity can be a clinical manifestation of a number of pathologies:
- Acute and chronic liver diseases. The yellowness of the mucous membrane is caused by an increase in bilirubin in the blood. The liver is an organ responsible for the exchange of useful components and nutrients. Dysfunction of this organ provokes serious consequences for the body.
- Cholelithiasis. The formation of stones from salt and cholesterol in the gallbladder stops the movement of bile. Stagnation disrupts metabolism and contributes to the development of the inflammatory process.
- Colitis, ulcer or gastritis. The reflux of acidic stomach contents leads to irritation of the oral mucosa and a change in color.
- Kidney failure. Due to disturbances in the urinary system, yellowing of the palate occurs.
- Syphilis. Yellow spots and plaque may indicate an infectious liver lesion in the second stage of the disease.
Damage to internal organs can be caused by infections, diseases or systemic disorders. Yellow sky is a clinical symptom of internal pathologies.
Associated symptoms
The diseases listed above are manifested by an extensive list of clinical symptoms, not limited to yellowing of the oral vault. This list includes:
- swelling, increased or decreased urine output;
- insufficient blood supply to the extremities, weakness, trophic disorders, numbness;
- dysfunction and bloating in the gastrointestinal tract;
- weight loss or weight gain;
- fainting;
- chronic fatigue;
- hypertension, nausea;
- vomiting, dehydration, intense muscle pain.
If alarming symptoms appear, you should seek help from a general practitioner, who, if necessary, will refer you to a gastroenterologist, nephrologist or other specialist doctor.
Treatment and prevention
When the color of the oral cavity changes, it is difficult for the doctor to quickly determine the problem that the patient is facing. Competent diagnosis using instrumental and laboratory tests and highly targeted treatment are required.
If liver, gastrointestinal or kidney diseases are detected, the therapist begins treatment. If necessary, the patient is referred to specialist doctors for further examination. For infectious lesions, complex inpatient therapy is required.
Local infection of the oral cavity is treated in a dental setting. Antibiotic therapy, professional oral hygiene and sanitation are carried out.
A change in the color, texture, or condition of your mouth is a warning sign that requires a visit to your dentist. Do not ignore deterioration in health or changes in appearance. A change in the color of mucous membranes may be the initial manifestation of a serious disease. Competent diagnosis and timely treatment will prevent deterioration of health and the development of complications.
Structure of the mucous membrane
The entire human oral cavity is covered with a mucous membrane, which has a distinctive feature, regenerative ability. The mucous membrane protects the oral cavity from environmental influences. Chemical, mechanical, temperature factors cannot influence it. The structure of the mucous membrane is simple; in the lower part of the mouth - on the cheeks and lips, it forms folds; in the upper part - attached to the bones. The main roles of the mucous membrane:
- The protective role is unpleasant, but it is a fact that many viruses and bacteria accumulate in the human mouth. The mucous membrane retains, prevents reproduction and removes all harmful microorganisms from the oral cavity.
- Sensitive role - Due to the presence on its surface of many receptors responsible for sensations (taste, pain, temperature), it signals all the events that accompany food intake.
- Absorption role – Thanks to this ability, we are able to take medications “under the tongue”. The mucous membrane perfectly absorbs protein and mineral compounds.
Oral anatomy
The oral cavity is the beginning of the digestive apparatus. The oral cavity is divided into two sections by the alveolar processes of the jaws and teeth: the vestibule of the mouth and the oral cavity itself.
The vestibule of the mouth is the space located between the lips and cheeks on the outside and the teeth and gums on the inside. The vestibule of the mouth opens outward through the oral opening. The transverse oral fissure is limited by the lips, which are muscle folds, the outer surface of which is covered with skin, and the inner surface is lined with mucous membrane.
The oral cavity is located on the inner side of the alveolar processes, limited above by the hard palate and the anterior portion of the soft palate; the bottom is formed by the diaphragm of the mouth and is occupied by the tongue.
The oral cavity is lined by the oral mucosa, covered with stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium. It contains a large number of glands. The area of the mucous membrane attached around the neck of the teeth on the periosteum of the alveolar processes of the jaws is called the gum. The oral cavity communicates with the pharynx through the isthmus of the pharynx.
The cheeks are covered on the outside with skin, and on the inside with the oral mucosa, which contains the ducts of the buccal glands and is formed by the buccal muscle. Subcutaneous tissue is especially developed in the central part of the cheek. Between the masseter and buccal muscles is the fatty body of the cheek.
The upper wall of the mouth (palate) is divided into two parts. The hard palate is located in the anterior part of the oral cavity, formed by the palatine processes of the maxillary bones and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones. The palatine bones are covered with a mucous membrane, along the midline of which there is a suture of the palate, and on the sides there are several transverse palatine folds.
The hard palate passes into the soft palate, formed mainly by muscles and aponeurosis of tendon bundles. In the posterior part of the soft palate there is a small conical protrusion, called the uvula, which is part of the so-called velum palatine. Along the edges, the soft palate passes into the anterior palatoglossal arch and the posterior palatopharyngeal arch. Between the arches on each side, in the recesses lie the palatine tonsils. The lower palate and arches are formed mainly by muscles that help swallowing.
The muscle that lifts the velum palatine of the soft palate and narrows the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube begins on the lower surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone and attaches to the middle section of the aponeurosis of the palate, intertwining with bundles of the muscle of the same name on the other side.
The palatoglossus muscle narrows the pharynx, bringing the anterior arches closer to the root of the tongue. Its beginning is located on the lateral edge of the tongue root, and its attachment point is on the aponeurosis of the soft palate.
The triangle of the velopharyngeal muscle brings the velopharyngeal arches closer together, pulling the lower part of the pharynx and larynx upward. The muscle begins on the back wall of the lower part of the pharynx and attaches to the aponeurosis of the soft palate.
The tongue is a mobile muscular organ located in the oral cavity and facilitates the processes of chewing food, swallowing, sucking and speech production. The tongue is divided into the body of the tongue, the apex of the tongue, the root of the tongue and the dorsum of the tongue.
From above, from the sides and partially from below, the tongue is covered with a mucous membrane, which fuses with its muscle fibers, contains glands, lymphoid formations and nerve endings - receptors. On the back and body of the tongue, the mucous membrane is rough due to the large number of papillae of the tongue, which are divided into four groups:
- Filiform papillae are located throughout the body of the tongue and represent a conical body with racemose appendages at the apexes.
- Fungiform papillae are located on the back of the tongue closer to its edges and have the shape of pineal growths.
- Leaf-shaped papillae are concentrated in the lateral sections of the tongue and represent 5-8 folds separated by grooves. They are unequal in size and are most pronounced in the posterior parts of the tongue.
- Cylindrical papillae, surrounded by a ridge of mucous membrane, the largest, but weakly protruding above the surface, are located on the border between the root and body of the tongue.
The muscles of the tongue are represented by skeletal muscles and the actual muscles of the tongue. Skeletal muscles connect the root of the tongue to the bones of the skull. The actual muscles of the tongue have points of origin and attachment points in the thickness of the tongue, located in three mutually perpendicular directions: the lower longitudinal muscle shortens the tongue; the superior longitudinal muscle flexes the tongue, shortening it, and raises the tip of the tongue; the vertical muscle of the tongue makes it flat; The transverse muscle of the tongue reduces its diameter and makes it transversely convex upward.
When the mouth is closed, the tongue with its upper surface comes into contact with the palate. The mucous membrane, passing to the lower surface of the tip of the tongue, forms the so-called frenulum along the midline. On either side of it, at the bottom of the mouth, on the sublingual fold, the ducts of the submandibular gland and sublingual gland open, which secrete saliva and are therefore called salivary glands.
The submandibular gland is an alveolar-tubular protein-mucosal gland located in the lower part of the neck in the submandibular fossa, below the mylohyoid muscle.
The sublingual gland is an alveolar-tubular protein-mucosal gland located under the mucous membrane of the mouth on the mylohyoid muscle under the tongue.
The excretory duct of the third, the parotid salivary gland, opens in the vestibule of the mouth on the mucous membrane of the cheek, at the level of the upper second molar.
Teeth, depending on their structure and functions, are divided into large molars, small molars, canines and incisors. All of them are strengthened in the sockets of the alveolar processes of the lower and upper jaws.
Each tooth consists of a part that protrudes above the gum - the crown of the tooth, a part covered by the gum - the neck of the tooth and an internal part - the root of the tooth. Moreover, some teeth have two or more roots.
The bulk of the tooth is dentin, which is covered with enamel in the crown area, and with cement in the neck and root area.
The root of the tooth is surrounded by a root membrane - the periodontium, which, with the help of tooth ligaments, attaches it to the dental alveolus. Inside the crown of the tooth there is a tooth cavity, which continues into a narrow canal of the tooth root. Vessels and nerves pass through a small hole in the apex of the tooth root into the tooth cavity containing the pulp, or pulp.
According to data from dental reference books
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