Dental implantation. Side effects, consequences, complications

Dental implantation is an operation to restore lost teeth. Instead of a lost tooth, an implant (artificial root) is inserted into the jawbone, and a crown is fixed on top. Like any surgical intervention, implantation has contraindications and limitations. They are absolute and relative. Taking them into account, the doctor reduces the likelihood of complications after the procedure, which speeds up the healing of the implant.

Indications and contraindications for dental implantation

When is implantation indicated?

• Missing one or more teeth in a row. In case of a single defect and the absence of 2 teeth in a row, implants are implanted in place of each tooth with separate crowns. If 3 or more teeth are missing, it is not necessary to restore each tooth with a separate implant - it is possible to install a smaller number with a fixed bridge.
• Absence of terminal teeth. Implants replace lost units and serve as support for prostheses.
• Edentia (absence of all teeth). The situation is diagnosed in older people who did not seek medical help in time. The dentist may suggest installing dentures on 4 or 6 supporting implants.
• Intolerance to traditional dentures. Removable structures cause discomfort in the mouth and irritate the mucous membrane. Structures with extensive defects are not held in place. If the use of dentures is not possible, dentists recommend implantation.
• Malocclusion. With some congenital or acquired defects in the structure of the jaw, the bite is disturbed and the teeth take an incorrect position. If treatment cannot be carried out in any other way, implants are installed.

General restrictions on the operation

• Blood clotting disorders, taking anticoagulants (blood thinners);
• poor oral hygiene;
• bruxism (uncontrollable grinding of teeth);
• diseases that impair the regeneration of bone and soft tissue;
• infectious diseases of the oral cavity (gingivitis, periodontitis, stomatitis);
• metabolic disorders that slow wound healing and bone restoration;
• insufficient occlusion;
• therapy aimed at suppressing the immune system (radiation, chemotherapy);
• insufficient amount of bone or soft tissue.

Related articles:

• Guarantees of our center
• Possible complications
• Indications for implantation

For what reason may there be

Installation of implants can be complicated by a number of consequences. Complications may arise due to:

1. Medical errors : incompetence of the doctor, incorrect selection of the length of the implant, overheating of tissues during the formation of the hole for the implant, infection, errors in the positioning of the structure, peculiarities of the patient’s physiology, individual intolerance to the implant materials.
2. Use of low-quality implants and outdated equipment. A possible disadvantage of the implant may be a poor connection to the abutment.
3. Patient's guilt . Most often, failure to maintain sufficient hygiene. The area where the crown touches the gum is especially susceptible to the accumulation of tartar, which causes inflammation. Complications can be caused by failure to follow recommendations for taking medications and lifestyle.

Negative consequences of dental implantation can occur in:

• in the short term - before prosthetics;
• medium-term - within two years after implantation;
• long-term - after two years from the moment of implantation.

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Absolute and relative contraindications

Absolute contraindications are those that make the procedure impossible. These include:

• mental disorders characterized by inappropriate behavior of the patient;
• diseases of the blood, hematopoietic organs;
• tuberculosis in the acute stage;
• connective tissue pathologies;
• malignant tumors on the head, neck;
• slowing down blood clotting, complicating stopping bleeding and wound healing;
• chronic alcoholism, drug addiction;
• diseases of the immune, central nervous system;
• impossibility of anesthesia due to allergic reactions;
• congenital anomalies of the jaw that prevent the implantation;
• age under 18 years;
• renal failure.

Relative diseases include diseases and conditions that can be eliminated and then implanted:

• poor nutrition;
• venereal diseases;
• endocrine pathologies;
• diseases of the temporomandibular joint that interfere with opening the mouth;
• anemia;
• viral infections;
• smoking;
• regular stress, exhaustion;
• diseases eliminated by dental treatment;
• insufficiency of bone tissue.

Relative contraindications include chronic diseases that require regular monitoring by doctors (compensated diabetes mellitus, HIV, hepatitis).

Obstacles to implantation in the upper and lower jaws

The main obstacle to implantation is atrophy of the bone of the upper or lower jaw. After the root of a natural tooth is removed, the alveolar process becomes thinner over time. If you install an implant into atrophied bone tissue, over time it will deteriorate even more, and the metal part of the artificial tooth will be exposed. To prevent complications after implantation, jaw bone augmentation is performed.

Problems when installing an implant in the upper jaw are caused by sinusitis - an inflammatory process in the maxillary sinus of the nose. The infection that causes the disease weakens the immune system and complicates the operation. Since the implants are located near the sinuses, pathogenic bacteria can spread to the jaw tissue. The inflammatory process that develops leads to rejection of the metal part of the implants.

What explains the restrictions in case of illness?

Diabetes

The disease is characterized by impaired absorption of glucose in the body, which leads to a number of irreversible changes. Diabetes mellitus damages blood vessels, complicates wound healing, and slows down the healing process of the implant. Bone tissue becomes thinner and thinner. This fact further complicates the operation.

But diabetes is not an absolute contraindication to implantation. The procedure is carried out if the patient is receiving treatment and blood sugar levels do not exceed 6 mmol for the last 2-3 months. In this case, if there is a sufficient amount of bone tissue, dentists choose a one-stage implantation method that does not require massive incisions in the jaw tissue. But if diabetes has led to damage to internal organs, excess weight, high blood pressure, implants are not installed due to the risk of heavy bleeding.

Thyroid diseases

Thyroid diseases lead to hormonal imbalance and affect the structure of bone tissue. With hyperthyroidism (excess hormone), mineralization is inhibited and cells do not receive enough nutrients. With hypothyroidism (lack of hormones), the process of bone tissue restructuring slows down.

Both conditions affect the survival rate of implants and create a risk of rejection of the metal part. But if the patient is undergoing treatment, surgery is possible depending on the patient's condition.

Oncology

For malignant tumors, surgery is performed after the patient has recovered. The risks of developing complications from cancer are too great. Surgery is prohibited if:

• there are metastases;
• neoplasms are located in the face, neck, head (damage to the tumor during surgery leads to further metastases);
• chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment are carried out (the procedure slows down cell regeneration and interferes with healing).

Hepatitis

The disease is caused by viruses, the most dangerous of which are hepatitis B and C. The disease is not considered a contraindication to implantation, but dictates restrictions. They are associated with possible complications after implantation:

• difficulties in stopping bleeding (increased bleeding develops against the background of damage to liver cells, leading to a decrease in the concentration of coagulation factors);
• risks of developing an inflammatory process against the background of a weakened immune system;
• additional burden on the patient's body.

Implantation is possible after therapy aimed at eliminating inflammation. The patient is given an extended list of tests that he needs to undergo before the procedure.

HIV infection and AIDS

HIV is an immunodeficiency virus that attacks cells of the immune system. As a result, the body becomes unstable to infections; even a cold can be deadly.

Implantation for HIV diseases is possible only in the initial stages, if the patient’s immunity is still strong. In the later stages of the pathology, there is a high risk of infection during surgery, which can lead to the death of the patient. Even ordinary bacteria that live in the mouth often provoke the development of inflammation.

Rheumatoid arthritis

This is an autoimmune disease that causes a number of pathological conditions in the oral cavity:

• formation of cysts and gaps between teeth;
• disturbances in the functioning of the parotid glands;
• the appearance of disocclusion of the dentition;
• inflammation of the trigeminal nerve;
• destruction of bone tissue;
• deformation of the head of the temporoinferior joint.

Rheumatoid arthritis is not a contraindication to implantation, but the patient will have to undergo a number of tests. Based on the results obtained, the doctor determines the size of the bone structures, the condition of the jaw tissue, and makes a conclusion about the possibility of installing implants. After the operation, the process of engraftment of artificial roots lasts from 3 months to a year . During this time, the patient undergoes regular tests and receives dental consultations.

Anemia

Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) decreases. The consequence is a low level of hemoglobin, which is responsible for the delivery of oxygen to tissues and organs. Since the transport function of the blood is impaired, complications may arise during the operation.

When assessing the condition of a patient with anemia, the doctor pays attention to the rate of development of the disease. If the decrease in hemoglobin levels occurs slowly, the body adapts and does not experience a lack of oxygen. In this case, surgery is possible if the hemoglobin level is at least 90 g/l . If anemia develops rapidly, implants are introduced only after the patient has recovered.

Diseases of the cardiovascular system

If a person suffers from cardiovascular pathologies, implantation is contraindicated:

• when using general anesthesia or local anesthesia with epiniphrine;
• with a pacemaker installed;
• at risk of cardiac arrest or heart attack.

If a patient suffers from hypertension, before surgery he visits a cardiologist and undergoes a course of treatment to reduce blood pressure. For such patients, we recommend implantation during sleep under sedation - the person does not experience stress and is calm. Along with the sedative, drugs are administered that reduce blood pressure and correct the functioning of the heart. These measures help minimize blood pressure spikes.

Periodontal disease and periodontitis

Periodontitis is an inflammatory process in the soft tissues surrounding the tooth. With this disease, the alveolar process in which the tooth root is fixed is destroyed. At a late stage of the disease, the tooth becomes loose and falls out. Implantation for periodontitis is carried out after treatment and elimination of the cause of the disease.

Periodontal disease is a pathology in which the bone tissue of the jaw is slowly destroyed, but there is no inflammation. At an early stage, the tooth remains fixed and does not wobble, so it is not advisable to introduce implants. In the later stages, the root gradually becomes exposed, the tooth becomes loose and falls out. In this case, the only way to restore lost teeth is implantation.

What other conditions affect the possibility of installing implants?

Features of implantation in women

The female body is characterized by a number of conditions that cannot be called pathological, but they become temporary obstacles to the implementation of implants:

• Menstruation. Doctors recommend refraining from surgery during menstrual bleeding. The main danger is excessive blood loss and the possibility of uncontrolled bleeding. The operation is complicated by the high risk of blocking blood vessels, since during menstruation the blood in the female body has increased clotting. During menstruation, patients are susceptible to nervous breakdowns: the procedure can harm the woman’s morale.
• Pregnancy. Anesthetics and other medications, X-rays have a negative effect on the unborn child. Also, during pregnancy, the immune system is weakened and cannot fully resist pathogens, which creates a risk of developing inflammation.
• Breast-feeding. During breastfeeding, medications administered to the patient pass into the milk. Toxic substances cause allergies and other undesirable consequences in the baby.

A woman needs to wait until these conditions pass. Then it will be possible to install implants.

Are there any restrictions for older people?

Older patients must be sent for examination of the state of their health. If older people do not have general obstacles to the procedure, implantation is not contraindicated, but the recovery period takes longer. This is due to a slowdown in regeneration processes in old age. To reduce the risk of complications, dentists carefully prepare the patient’s oral cavity and choose minimally invasive surgical methods.

Is implantation performed for children?

in children under 18 years of age . As a child grows, jaw bones grow and teeth change. If an implant is placed in childhood, over time it will become too small and will have to be reinstalled. If the baby does not have dental units, dentures are used. The issue of implantation is decided upon when the child reaches the age of 18-22 years.

Is it possible to install implants for smokers?

Smoking increases the risk of implant failure. One cigarette smoked after surgery reduces tissue repair by 30% . But this is not the only danger. When smoking, the mucous membrane burns and the wounds heal slowly. A bad habit leads to disruption of saliva production. The mouth constantly feels dry, the mucous membrane is not cleared of pathogenic bacteria, and the risk of infection increases.

Dental implant systems with minimal risk

There is a huge variety of implants, differing in many ways.

Dental systems with an impeccable reputation are produced in Switzerland, Germany, and Israel.

To protect yourself as much as possible when choosing implants, you need to consider the following criteria :

• structures must be made of highly purified titanium ;
• the surface of the implant must have macro- and microthreads ;
• the presence of a conical connection between the implant and the abutment;
• lifetime warranty on the system;
• time of existence of the manufacturing company in the dental market.

Correct diagnosis and planning are the key to success

For the procedure to be successful, the patient needs to carefully prepare for it. An important role in the process is played by examination to identify contraindications and possible limitations.

Diagnostics is carried out in 3 stages:

• Initial examination of the patient

  It includes a conversation between the dentist and the patient to collect anamnesis, and an examination of the oral cavity. The doctor informs the patient about the obstacles to the procedure, talks about methods of treating diagnosed diseases, features of implant installation, and possible complications.

• Analyzes

  After the examination, the dentist prescribes a number of tests for patients with a history of diseases that may become an obstacle to implantation. They are necessary to assess the patient’s health status and identify diseases of internal organs. Before installing implants, it is recommended to undergo a general and biochemical blood test, urine test, and tests for viral hepatitis and HIV. Women take a pregnancy test.

• CT

  Computed tomography is prescribed before surgery for a detailed study of the structure of the teeth, identifying the remains of the root of a destroyed tooth, etc. After the introduction of an artificial root, research is necessary to monitor the engraftment process and prevent complications.

If the patient's condition is satisfactory, a treatment plan is drawn up. At the preparatory stage, the patient needs to take future surgery seriously. Do not hide conditions from your doctor that may lead to complications. Honesty in your relationship with your doctor ensures a quick recovery period.

Research and diagnostics can be performed at our Center for Private Dentistry “Doctor Levin”. The surgical department staff includes a neurologist, anesthesiologist, therapist and otolaryngologist. Laboratory tests can be taken without leaving the clinic.

Safe complications

Even after an impeccably performed implantation, natural complications always occur, which are the body’s natural reaction to mechanical intervention. We list the complications that you do not need to be afraid of:

• body temperature up to 37.5 degrees;
• swelling of the face;
• feeling of heaviness in the maxillary sinus;
• minor hematomas;
• quite tolerable pain.

All these troubles can only be endured for a week. If they do not disappear further, then, most likely, something went wrong during the implant healing process.